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Esther CHURCH 

Esther CHURCH

Female Abt 1846 - 1886

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Timeline

1846
1854
1862
1870
1878
1886
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   Date  Event(s)
1 1846 
  • 10 Sep 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
2 1847 
  • US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre
  • Jan 1847: An anaesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
3 1848 
  • First commercial production of chewing gum
  • 24 Jan 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California – starts the California gold rush
  • 11 Jul 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens
4 1849 
  • Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation – which finally occurred in 1971!
5 1851 
  • Gold discovered in Australia
  • 1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ("Crystal Palace" exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
6 1852 
  • Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement
  • Wells Fargo established in USA
7 1853 
  • Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
8 1854 
  • Cigarettes introduced into Britain
  • 27 Mar 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War)
  • 25 Oct 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
9 1856 
  • End of Crimean War
  • 29 Jan 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
10 1857 
  • Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable
11 1858 
  • 'The great stink' – smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work
  • Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London
12 1859 
  • Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain
  • 25 Apr 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869)
  • 4 May 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall
  • 24 Nov 1859: Charles Darwin publishes "The Origin of Species"
13 1860 
  • 29 Aug 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
14 1861 
  • 25 May 1861: American Civil War begins
15 1862 
  • Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks)
  • 20 Apr 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
16 1863 
  • Football Association founded (UK)
  • Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England
  • 10 Jan 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens
17 1864 
  • A man-powered submarine, "Hunley", sank a Federal steam ship, USS Housatonic, at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 – the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship
  • 11 Mar 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood – over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time
  • 20 Aug 1864: Red Cross established – Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention
  • 8 Dec 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened
18 1865 
  • Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908]
  • First concrete roads built in Britain
  • 14 Apr 1865: End of American Civil War – slavery abolished in USA
  • 14 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth
  • 5 Jul 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London
19 1867 
  • 1 Jul 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
20 1868 
  • Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia)
21 1869 
  • Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented
  • 23 Nov 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton
22 1870 
  • GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised)
  • Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children
  • Water closets come into wide use
  • Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa
  • 1 Oct 1870: First British postcard – halfpenny post
23 1871 
  • 27 Mar 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh
  • 29 Mar 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London
  • 29 Jun 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal
24 1872 
  • Licensing hours introduced
  • Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales)
  • 4 Dec 1872: American ship "Mary Celeste" is found abandoned by the British brig "Dei Gratia" in the Atlantic Ocean
25 1874 
  • Factory Act introduces 56-hour week
  • 5 Apr 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world – features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
26 1875 
  • London's main sewage system completed
  • 1 Jan 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
27 1876 
  • 14 Feb 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone – Bell awarded the rights
28 1877 
  • Edison invents microphone and phonograph
29 1878 
  • Edison & Swan invent electric lamp
  • Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph
  • CID established at New Scotland Yard
30 1879 
  • 18 Sep 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
31 1880 
  • Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds
  • Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria
  • 2 Aug 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
32 1881 
  • Postal Orders introduced
  • Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy
  • Sep 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904)
  • 26 Oct 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral
33 1882 
  • Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed
34 1883 
  • Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France
  • 24 May 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River)
  • 1 Aug 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain
  • 27 Aug 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java – 30,000 killed by tidal wave
35 1884 
  • 31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes
  • 13 Oct 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
36 1885 
  • Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car
  • Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle
  • Eastman makes first coated photographic paper
  • Canadian Pacific Railway completed
  • Mar 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking
  • 5 Sep 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel
  • 29 Sep 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool
37 1886 
  • 20 Jan 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales
  • May 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named "Coca-Cola"
  • 29 May 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
  

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